Purdue’s semiconductor leader: If West Lafayette misses on SK hynix, ‘we will never have this opportunity again.’ A Q&A

Mark Lundstrom, Purdue’s chief semiconductor officer, answers zoning concerns for a $3.87B facility — including from colleagues — why SK hynix picked WL over LEAP and a case for a silicon heartland

(Photo: Sk hynix)

Mark Lundstrom, Purdue’s chief semiconductor officer, was a key figure in recruiting South Korea-based SK hynix to put its proposed $3.87 billion R&D and advanced chip packaging facility in West Lafayette.

With plans announced in April 2024 now hinging on a May 5 West Lafayette City Council vote on rezoning land north of Kalberer Road – a request that has met stiff protest over the past month from neighborhoods nearby – Lundstrom says he believes SK hynix still can make its case with the community on what he considers a pivotal moment for the city, the university and the region.

“My hope is that we don’t miss this opportunity,” Lundstrom, the Don and Carol Scifres Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, said.

In play in the coming two weeks: A year after SK hynix announced plans to bring the facility to West Lafayette, company officials and the Purdue Research Foundation have been working to overcome emerging protests over environmental, traffic and noise concerns that led to a 9-5 vote by the Area Plan Commission on March 19 to recommend denial to rezone 121 acres in the Purdue Research Park – north of Kalberer Road, between Yeager Road and Salisbury Street/County Road 50 West – from residential to industrial uses.

A West Lafayette City Council vote is scheduled for May 5. A pair of community meetings hosted by SK hynix are scheduled for April 24 and May 3, following a meeting April 11.

If the rezoning request fails, SK hynix officials have said in recent weeks that they would move the 430,000-square-foot facility back to what it calls Site A, which includes more than 90 acres on the west side of Yeager Road, several hundred yards from the Site B that is up for rezoning and that the company prefers.

Mark Lundstrom (Photo: Purdue)

In this conversation from late last week, Lundstrom talks about:

• The research stakes for Purdue as the university and the Purdue Research Foundation put themselves at the center of recruiting SK hynix.

• Why SK hynix chose the Purdue Research Park in West Lafayette over the 9,000-acre LEAP district the Indiana Economic Development Corp. has 35 miles away in Lebanon.

• The warnings from his fellow Purdue semiconductor researchers who live near the proposed site that influenced the APC’s vote.

• And why he believes SK hynix landing in West Lafayette is the Midwest’s second chance at a Silicon Valley moment it passed up a half-century ago.

Question: Tell me your impression of how this whole situation has played out in recent weeks. Do you think it has spooked Purdue at all? The city? Spooked SK hynix? Has it been a surprise to you?

Mark Lundstrom: It has. And we could have anticipated it better, I think. This industry has been in the U.S. for 20, 30, 40 years. And there are semiconductor factories all over, with decades of experience. But it's new to this area. We haven't seen this before. This is what's so exciting about bringing this industry to the Midwest for the very first time. But it's new and different. So, it's maybe understandable that people have questions and concerns. The message that I try to tell people is, it's reasonable to ask questions and have these concerns. It's new. We don't have a long history out here. But in the U.S., we have a long history. You can go to Oregon and you can see what's their 30 years of experience. Then you can go to Arizona. You can go to Texas. You can go to upstate New York. You can ask them, what's their experience been? How has it worked out? Given what you know now, would you have brought this industry there? Given what you know now, would you want more of this industry there?

Actually, the way it seems, our main competition in bringing SK hynix here was one of the very strong places that has a lot of this industry, really, and they want more.

Question: Who were you were competing against?

Mark Lundstrom: I think we can say Arizona. Arizona is a powerhouse, and they have so many semiconductor fabs. If SK hynix had built one more fab in Arizona, no one would have paid attention to it. It's an opportunity for us, and we need to get as much information out. But there's also history. You can look at independent studies of environmental impact and health. You can figure out what's happened to property values. All of that information is available.

(Note: Lundstrom shared this fact sheet on environment, health and safety practices assembled by the U.S. Semiconductor Industry Association, a trade group advocating for the industry.)

Question: Of the questions you’ve heard so far, and not just at the April 11 community meeting but in general, what have you considered to be the reasonable, important and most compelling ones that SK hynix and PRF and the city really need to say, here’s exactly what’s going to happen?

Mark Lundstrom: At the Area Plan Commission meeting, I think one of the things that was raised was: What exactly is this facility, this advanced packaging facility? I think there had been some confusion about what this is. This is not taking chips and putting them in cardboard boxes and mailing them out.

Question: Which is what it sounds like at first.

Mark Lundstrom: Yeah, but it is not. A semiconductor chip factory we call a fab fabrication. This is actually a fab. With the advanced packaging, you're putting multiple chips in a very sophisticated package and in such close, intimate contact that they almost perform like one very big chip.

Question: The way the SK hynix folks explained it is that there's a stack of specific chips for different, specific jobs that all then work in tandem to speed things up in a smaller, more compact space. Is that fairly close?

Mark Lundstrom: Yes. This whole area of advanced packaging – they call it heterogeneous integration, all these long words – some people call it the fourth wave of microelectronics.

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Question: In what way? What were the first three?

Mark Lundstrom: Initially it got started, and then the performance started to plateau. Then, it sounds minor, but they switched aluminum wiring to copper wiring because it's more conductive, and boom, the performance increased for a while. And then it plateaued. Then the transistors became so small that you had to go to much more sophisticated transistor structures. Performance increased again. But now we're sort of reaching the end of that. The next wave is putting multiple chips together in a package. This is very exciting, because this is considered to be the future of technology. This will help us keep up with this insatiable demand that AI has for more and more computing.

What SK hynix does is they're the leading supplier to Nvidia. Nvidia has this processor chip which does all of the AI calculations. It needs to get data in and out as fast as it can. And inside this package, there are stacks of high bandwidth memory, they call it. They just get data in and out very quickly. What they will be doing is taking these memory chips that they manufacture in Korea, and bringing them over here, and then stacking them like eight or 12 layers high in this package, beside this Nvidia chip. That's what they'll be doing there. We've learned it uses a subset of the processes that you would use in a full chip fab. And I think we understand that something like 20% or so.

Question: That’s what SK hynix officials said the percentage would be.

Mark Lundstrom: So, it’s a fab, but it is not a full-scale chip fab.

This is a bird’s eye view of what SK hynix says its $3.87 billion facility will look like, looking northwest from the corner of Kalberer Road and Salisbury Street/County Road 50 West. (Image via SK hynix)

Question: Would you have been OK with a full-scale chip fab in the site in consideration for SK hynix?

Mark Lundstrom: Yes, I would have. This is the other, I think, point of confusion. It was initially thought, Oh, well, this is a fab. You wouldn't have a fab close to residences. That's just absolutely wrong. There was a statement made in the Area Plan Commission meeting that Intel employees don't dare live close to the Intel plant in Oregon. … So, I contacted one of my former students, who's been there 30 years. He said, well, I live less than four miles from the Intel plant, and I know many of my colleagues live closer. He said he’s never heard of anyone expressing a concern about living too close to the plant. … This is in Hillsboro, Oregon. This is a full scale mega fab. What's being built here is very small compared to this. It's surrounded by neighborhoods, and it has been for years and years.

I have a person from Texas Instruments on our leadership board for an educational program. I asked him, these concerns have been expressed, and you're in charge of semiconductor manufacturing. Are you familiar with these concerns? How do you handle it? He said, I would be happy to share our experiences as my largest factory sits in the middle of a residential area in the city of Richardson, Texas, a suburb of Dallas.

You can see the same with Intel in Chandler, Arizona, a suburb of Phoenix. These major semiconductor fabs have been operating in close proximity to residences for decades.

Question: That issue continues to be brought up a lot about not wanting to be close, along with worries about chemical releases and worries about water and more.

Mark Lundstrom: It's new and people are nervous and all kinds of misinformation is out there. How do you correct that? I think the way I would say is, I talk with the mayor of Richardson and say, what has your experience been? Talk with the mayor of Hillsboro, Oregon. Tell us how it's going there.

Question: Let's go back to what your Purdue colleagues said at that APC meeting in March. What they said turned the conversation in a major way and swayed the APC. And that is driving residents in neighborhoods who are saying, essentially, if someone who is this deep in semiconductor research and the questions about SK hynix coming doesn’t trust it’s safe, why should I? How do you answer that? And what's been the conversation in around your offices on campus?

Mark Lundstrom: These are my long-time colleagues and my friends. And I'm still trying to understand some of this. I think the way their comments have been taken were not anticipated by them. They are very hesitant to say anything in public now, because they don't know what might happen.

Question: They certainly did light the fire. And in some fundamental ways about what it means to have a facility like this close to their neighborhoods.

Mark Lundstrom: But look, it’s not as close at these mega-fabs are to neighborhoods (in Oregon, Texas and Arizona).

Question: But how does SK hynix overcome that in West Lafayette?

Mark Lundstrom: This is our challenge. I do not know how to. I've talked with my colleagues about this. One of them related a story (at the APC meeting) about a fire in a research lab in Germany 20 years ago.

Question: That did come up during the APC meeting.

Mark Lundstrom: It scared people. He just wanted to know, do you have procedures? What precautions do you have? If he had come to me, we could have connected him and he could have had that question answered. But simply the fact that raising that in public scares people.

Question: Absolutely, it did.

(Note: Tillman Kubis, who lives in Amberleigh Village and is the Katherine Ngai Pesic & Silvaco Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, said during the APC meeting that SK hynix was a highly professional company, but that he couldn’t “see how you can have a mitigation plan for catastrophe” if an accident happened so close to a neighborhood.)

Mark Lundstrom: SK hynix has been operating semiconductor factories for 42 years. It's perfectly fair to ask them, what precautions do you take? But we should do this in a calm way to get the information. And I think SK hynix will share as much information as they can. … My other colleague, I can't speak for him, and he's hesitant to speak publicly now, I think he was trying to correct this misinformation that had been out there about what a packaging facility is: No, this actually is a semiconductor fab.

Question: He did make that point.

Mark Lundstrom: Now, the conclusion that people go to – Well, a fab shouldn’t be located near us – that actually is not a logical conclusion based on history.

Question: Again, he did make the connection to the fact that what SK hynix was doing was not about putting things into cardboard boxes, that packaging included chemical processes and that’s bad near our neighborhood.

(Note: Vijay Raghunathan, who was instrumental in founding Purdue's semiconductor degrees program in 2022 and who lives in a neighborhood across from the proposed SK hynix site, told APC members that the packaging process was “every bit as involved and complex and intricate as manufacturing” semiconductor chips and included “several dozens of extremely hazardous chemicals, poisonous gasses (and) metals.” From that night: “I have consulted with several of my colleagues in industry who had a front row seat to fabs operated by the biggest American leading companies, such as Intel,” Raghunathan told APC members. “They were all of the same opinion that such a facility has no place near a residential zone.”)

Mark Lundstrom: He will say that he never said it was unsafe. But anyone who reads that, you could see where people would assume that. .. The other thing I'll point out, the semiconductor field is incredibly broad. The people that spoke, they're subject matter experts in things like designing chips. And I'm quite confident none of them would say that they're subject matter experts in semiconductor manufacturing. I'm probably the closest thing that Purdue has to a subject matter expert in semiconductor manufacturing, because my first job was in semiconductor manufacturing. But that was so long ago and things have become so much more sophisticated and so much more care has been taken over the years, I would never speak as an expert on the manufacturing processes. People took it as, well, you're a semiconductor person, you must know something. They're not experts in semiconductor manufacturing. …

(Photo: Dave Bangert)

Question: Let's talk, from your perspective and from Purdue's standpoint, what happens if SK hynix moves back to Site A and Site B is not rezoned, and they don't have this ecosystem of suppliers they see coming nearby? Does that scuttle this deal in any way, do you think?

Mark Lundstrom: I think in Site B, there's also some land north of it, that if they should need to expand in the future. Which they very likely might want to. Business is very strong, and that would be good for us longer term that it would be easier to expand to property adjacent to Site B. In terms of ensuring the success of the effort – not that you couldn't do it with the original site – but if we're looking at our long-term success it would be better done with Site B.

You know, what's happening here is something I never thought we would see.

Question: In what way?

Mark Lundstrom: I’ll share a little story. I have a this transcript of a speech that Frederick Emmons Terman gave at the U.S. electronics conference in 1960 in Chicago. He's a native born Hoosier. His parents moved when he was still very young to California, and he became known for two things. He became known as the person who made Stanford University the great university that it is. He spent his entire career there. He was faculty member, department head, dean, provost. He was never president, but they talk more about him than they do about any Stanford president. The other thing, he's regarded as the father of Silicon Valley. Sometimes he shares that with William Shockley. He came back to the Midwest in 1960 to tell his colleagues that the future of electronics is semiconductor technology, and you don't want to miss the boat. We missed the boat in 1960.

Question: How so?

Mark Lundstrom: The industry didn't come here. It went other places, and then it just kept growing in those other places. There was very little of it that came to the Midwest. … He was advocating for the Midwest: Don't be left behind, this is the future. At that time, there was a very productive electronics industry here, making vacuum tube televisions for Zenith and Magnavox and things like that. Highly profitable. We don't need this new technology. But he said, This is the future. And, you know, he was a visionary. His last sentence here: “If the Midwest continues in its present pattern” – he wasn't very politically correct – “it will continue to be the happy hunting ground where bright young people are recruited to go to the East Coast and West Coast and make the electronics industry there steadily stronger and ever growing.” And that's exactly what happened.

I never thought we would have an opportunity, a second chance, to bring this industry back to the Midwest. But the CHIPS Act provided that.

Question: Is the SK hynix facility a second chance for the entire Midwest, then? Or are you talking about for Purdue? Give me a sense of the context with that.

Mark Lundstrom: It's for the entire Midwest. The first announcement was Intel opening a much larger factory, still in plans, in Ohio. That was announced before SK hynix. And Intel has some struggles now. That's slowing down. (Context, via The Columbus Dispatch, Feb. 28: “Intel delays $28 billion Ohio chip factory in New Albany again, to 2030 or 2031.”)

What makes it exciting now is that the SK hynix facility will be the first leading edge semiconductor manufacturing facility in the Midwest. That facility in Ohio eventually will be built. Michigan very much wants to be part of this. So, I think we're at the beginning of what could be a resurgence in a manufacturing industry – not only manufacturing, but design and research – that will grow for a long time. That's what makes it exciting. The U.S. Department of Commerce is investing in leading edge semiconductor manufacturing in only seven regions in the U.S. Five of those seven are established regions. They've been there 20 or 30 years, maybe even more. Intel in Oregon and Micron in Idaho and TSMC and Intel in Phoenix and Samsung in Texas and Global Foundries and Micron in upstate New York. The two newest ones are Intel in Ohio and SK hynix in Indiana. There hasn't been a new cluster until now. These things get started, and they grow because the companies want to be where companies like them already are, if the supply chain is there, the work force is there. So, this is the opportunity. We could be at the beginning of something that will do an awful lot of good for the area.

Question: I’ll go back to the question from a bit earlier. What are the chances this gets blown up by a vote by the West Lafayette City Council on a rezoning request for 121 acres?

Mark Lundstrom: What are the chances this could all fall apart?

Question: Right.

Mark Lundstrom: Well, that’s what keeps me awake at night. I don’t think that’s a likely outcome. But if we lose this opportunity, we will never have this opportunity again.

Question: How long were you working on this specific deal for SK hynix. Starting at April 2024, when we were in the Purdue Memorial Union Ballroom hearing the announcement, how far back does it go?

Mark Lundstrom: It’s only two years or so. The CHIPS Act (signed into law in August 2022) really was a catalyst that started all of this. States were competing for companies that were building new facilities. The competition was pretty intense. When we started all of this, we were not the favorites to do this. My colleagues all over the country are asking, What's going on in Indiana? This has never happened before.

Question: What were two or three things that put us over the top, or put Purdue and Purdue Research Foundation and West Lafayette over the top?

Mark Lundstrom: I spent a lot of time talking to CEOs. And if you look at the Midwest, if you draw a 250-mile radius around Indianapolis, something like 30% of the engineering degrees in the nation are produced in that radius. You have Purdue, you have Illinois, you have Michigan, you have Ohio State, you know you have strong universities like University of Chicago and Northwestern and Wisconsin. There is an enormous amount of talent in this region. They're worried that we're building all of these factories and we're expanding, where are we going to find the people? A lot of our students grew up in the Midwest, and they meet their spouse here, who grew up in the Midwest. If we had opportunities for them to stay, more of them would. A talent rich area was a big factor for them.

Being located close to a strong university is another very big factor. I think the new Secretary of Commerce, when he came in, was trying to understand economic development and why would companies choose to be here. He contacted SK hynix and said, tell me why – because, you know, he wasn't involved in it – tell me why you chose Indiana. The first thing they said was Purdue University.

Question: They’ve made that fairly clear that the research portion of this was going to be key for SK hynix.

Mark Lundstrom: These companies are on the frontiers of science and technology. You miss a step, and your competitors don't, and, boy, you're struggling. The pace of innovation is very fast. You want to be partners with strong research universities. You know, Terman really was a visionary. The title of his speech in 1960 is, Education: A Basic Component of the New Electronics. The new electronics was semiconductor electronics. He says here, “Industry is discovering that for those types of electronic activities that involve a high level of creativity of a scientific and technological character, it is more important to be located near an educational institution” – which he called a center of brains – “than their markets, raw materials, components, suppliers, transportation or factory labor.” He said that in 1960, and it's even more true now.

Question: What research is being set up here at Purdue tied to SK hynix coming to West Lafayette? What do you see as the role of this part of campus in what they’re doing?

Mark Lundstrom: Our faculty have been on calls – of course, these all happen late at night, given the time zone difference – with our colleagues at SK hynix to identify where we can work together for almost a year now. We've been working together on various CHIPS Act proposals. We've been writing concept papers and proposals and doing all of that together. They’re not just building a factory here. They're building an R&D lab, and it's an advanced packaging R&D lab. We are one of a few universities that has a lot of strength in that research area. We have something like more than 35 faculty working in that area. But they're interested in other aspects of it, too. They're interested in various chip design aspects and how they can do things with memory and computing together. Historically, the memory business has been a low margin, high volume business. The profitable part has been the processers that Nvidia makes. What's happening is that memory and processing are coming together. It's because anytime you send a result from the processor to the memory, it takes time and it takes energy to do that. If you can be doing your computing in the memory, it makes everything much more efficient and faster. So, that's one of the research areas that they're particularly interested in working with us on.

Question: In making those two things work more closely in tandem?

Mark Lundstrom: It’s called compute in memory. Instead of having this computing chip here and this memory chip over here, you have one chip that does both the computing and the memory.

Question: There seems to be a lot of risk with falling a step behind in the industry. How does a company like that guarantee that, OK, we’re going to put almost $4 billion into this area and we’re going to continue to be on that leading edge?

Mark Lundstrom: That's why it's so important to have a strong R&D ecosystem, that set of partners. We're hoping that some of the additional companies that come here will not necessarily be their supply chain companies, but will be their R&D partners that they can collaborate and work together to make sure that they keep their lead in this area.

Question: What kind of boon is that for Purdue? What does it do for the university?

Mark Lundstrom: Just for students, it creates opportunities for internships, co-ops, full-time jobs after you graduate. For faculty and grad students, it's opportunities to do research and to work on really industrially relevant research – research that might make its way into manufacturing and have impact in the real world. There will only be one Silicon Valley. But I see the environment that my colleagues at Stanford and (California) Berkeley work in, when you have these companies and you're in close contact with them and you're going back and forth talking to them and you know what their main problem is and you know where to focus your effort. It just creates such a rich and stimulating intellectual environment. This isn't going to be Silicon Valley, but we can do something like that. What did Terman call it? He said, when talking about the importance of universities, in an intangible but very real way, a university provides an atmosphere that stimulates creativity and it makes the community attractive to scientifically minded individuals. In 1960, he was describing Silicon Valley. He could be describing us now.

Question: At this point in your career, do you feel a sense of missing out on what could be coming to Purdue and to West Lafayette? Or is there a sense of anticipation that comes from building things to get to this point?

Mark Lundstrom: I mean, I've stayed here at Purdue for my whole career, hoping that we can do something very special in this area. So, if this all comes together, I'm happy to step back. I have tremendous colleagues. Things will continue to go and be strong, and I can look back and say, OK, I played a role in that. …

For years and years, nobody knew what the heck semiconductors were all about. Now everybody seems to. This is such a tremendous opportunity. These companies are looking for a place where they have the land available, they have the water, the utilities, the power. They can build a factory and – SK hynix is an example – be in production within four years. Because this is such a fast moving industry, if you don't have a spot ready for them to build, you're not even in the competition.

We presented them with two spots. One was the LEAP district, in Lebanon, and the other was a site in the Purdue Research Park.

Question: Why did they not like the LEAP district?

Mark Lundstrom: I think what they liked was West Lafayette for the reasons that Terman said. They wanted to be close to Purdue. They wanted this type of interaction.

Question: If this was aimed at the LEAP district, we’d be talking about water and getting it down there – which, around here, brings up a whole other conversation.

Mark Lundstrom: You know about this company, TSMC, the world's largest chip manufacturer? They're building these factories in Arizona. (Context, via Axios, April 17: “TSMC says it will manufacture 30% of most advanced chips in Arizona.”) And Arizona has, I don’t know, dozens of semiconductor fabs. I'm told that the semiconductor fabs in Phoenix use less water than the golf courses. They recycle a lot of the water used.

Question: At the first community meeting with SK hynix, they mentioned that they’re going to recycle about 50% of the water the fab uses. They said they plan to use an average of around 2.8 million gallons of water a day. … The city is preparing its wastewater system to handle what’s not reused. Many of the things that they're preparing for have not been disclosed.

Mark Lundstrom: I first heard of this company maybe a couple of years before we even knew we had a chance to bring them here, because I have a colleague who is an environmental engineer, and she was studying them. She was really impressed by what they had been doing with their commitment to the environment. Korea, I understand, has even stricter environmental requirements than the U.S., probably because they have a higher population density. And, I understand, SK hynix has even stricter requirements on themselves than Korea does. So, when they come here, I think they're going to be a good citizen.

Question: What would you advise them – or what are you advising them – to do to make that clear: Here’s what we’re going to do. Here’s our promise to West Lafayette.

Mark Lundstrom: They need to be completely transparent, share as much information as they can. I think the community forums that we have will just be a first step, and they'll have to continue. There’ll need to be a community advisory board on an ongoing basis to keep in touch, and they plan to do that. I hope that a web page, I understand that it will be deployed very soon, is another place where they can share general information.

Question: What do you think the odds are that this happens? And is this a hurdle that everybody should have expected in some fashion? And what does it take to get past it?

Mark Lundstrom: In retrospect, I think we should have (expected this) – just because it's brand new here. We may have decades of experience in other parts of the country, but it's brand new here, so we should have. But the opportunity is so huge. We can't miss it. .. I can’t imagine that we’re going to choose to pass on this opportunity. But people should do it with as much accurate information as possible.

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WHAT’S NEXT

Community meetings: SK hynix officials have scheduled two more community meetings about their plans in the coming weeks.

• 6:30-8:30 p.m. Thursday, April 24, West Lafayette Wellness Center, 1101 Kalberer Road.

• 9-11 a.m. Saturday, May 3, at a location still being determined.

City council vote: A pair of rezoning requests connected to the project – north of Kalberer Road, between Yeager Road and County Road 50 West/Salisbury Street – has been scheduled for a city council vote at 6:30 p.m. May 5 at city hall, 222 N. Chauncey Ave.

Neighbors’ petition: Neighborhood groups continue to circulate a petition against a rezoning plan north of Kalberer Road. Here’s a look at the petition.

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FOR MORE

Here’s how the site planning and rezoning issues for SK hynix have played out over the past month:

• March 16: SK hynix eyes new WL site for $3.87B chip facility, up for rezoning this week

• March 20: Rezoning for $3.8B SK hynix facility gets thumbs down from APC

• March 23: WL City Council survey: Still unsure on SK hynix rezoning

• March 26: Rezone request for $3.8B SK hynix facility on hold, for now

• April 3: ‘Humbling opportunity:’ SK hynix sets community meetings after $3.87B plans run into neighborhood protest

• April 11: SK hynix makes its case in West Lafayette. A Q&A

• April 12: SK hynix, PRF accused of ‘broken trust’ on $3.87B plans, as they vow to do more to win over neighbors

• April 19: Neighbors take to streets to protest $3.87B SK hynix chip site in West Lafayette

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